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Berlin Conversations about Afghan Trajectories of Mobility and Engagement within the EU

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Project explanation The “Berlin Conversations” consist of a series of focus group discussions with persons of Afghan origin residing in Germany. The discussions focus on mobility trajectories within Europe and their relationship to socio-political engagement. The primary objective is to generate qualitative data on participants’ geographical, social, and political trajectories in Europe and to analyze how differentiated mobility experiences shape forms of political, civic, and social engagement. Particular attention is given to variations across sociological profiles within the Afghan diaspora in Germany, which has become the main European destination for many individuals and families from Afghanistan. The Berlin Conversations are the result of a collaboration between the coordinator of the AMORE research project and Bakhtar Institute e.V. The AMORE (Afghan Europeans. The invention of a mobility regime) project analyzes the internal functioning and evolution of the Afghan mobility regime within the European Union. The research focuses in particular on mobility trajectories, their structural features, and their political and social consequences. On the other hand, the researcher of Bakhtar Institute e.V has conducted long-standing research on forms of engagement within the Afghan diaspora, particularly in Germany. His work examines the diverse forms of engagement developed by Afghans, ranging from mobilization toward host-country institutions, engagement within Afghan communities in Europe, as well as sociopolitical or humanitarian involvement related to Afghanistan. The project builds on Bakhtar Institute e.V extensive network and experience in organizing and facilitating focus group discussions, as well as the representative of AMORE project’s expertise in qualitative research and mobility studies. The Berlin Conversations pursue the following objectives: Beyond academic contributions, the project may also help nuance predominantly negative representations of Afghans in public debates in Germany by highlighting the diversity of trajectories and forms of engagement within the community. The project is structured around three main analytical pillars: 1) Mobility trajectories; 2) Engagement practices; 3) Spatial imaginaries and belonging. To operationalize these pillars, the Conversations explore six interrelated analytical dimensions. Methodology The Berlin Conversations will follow a qualitative methodology based on Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), facilitated by representative of BI, who has extensive experience organizing and moderating discussions within Afghan communities. FGDs are particularly appropriate for this study because they: Composition of the Groups The series of sessions will be conducted with participants recruited through BI established networks within the Afghan community in Germany. The recruitment will follow these criteria: Data Collection The Conversations will be conducted in an informal, dialogical format to foster trust and encourage open exchange. A semi-structured discussion guide will provide thematic direction while allowing flexibility for participant-led dynamics. A note taker will take detailed notes in English. In addition to maintaining detailed records of exchanges, particular attention will be given to documenting key arguments, points of disagreement, recurring themes, and observable group dynamics. Moderators will also write immediate debrief notes after each session to capture reflections and emerging insights. Ethical Considerations  Participation in this project is on voluntary basis. Moreover, the participants will be informed about the objectives of the project and the use of data, its confidentiality and anonymity. Participants may withdraw at any time without consequence; Data will be securely stored and used solely for research purposes. Funding and duration The project is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) via the AMORE project. The project will be implemented between February to August 2026; however, the publication may be finalized next year.

“Which Afghanistan?”: A New Framework for Peace and Governance by Sakhi Bayramli

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Bakhtar Institute is incredibly proud to share that our co-founder and board member, Sakhi Bayramli, has officially launched his latest book, Which Afghanistan? Exploring Paths Toward a Better Future. Published in January 2026 by Khayam Publishing, the book was unveiled this week in Geneva, Swiss, offering a timely and deeply researched perspective on the country’s path forward. Moving Beyond the Crisis Narrative For too long, the global conversation around Afghanistan has been stuck in a cycle of describing chronic crisis. While Mr. Bayramli doesn’t shy away from the harsh realities of governance collapse and the erasure of girls’ education, his work refuses to stop there. Instead, he challenges us—the citizens, the scholars, and the diaspora—to look at Afghanistan as a society with great potential for reconstruction. The book is structured around eleven core inquiries. These aren’t just academic exercises; they are the fundamental questions that will determine our future: How do we distribute power fairly? What does legitimate leadership look like today? And how do we build a national dialogue that actually includes the voices of women, youth, and the marginalized? Real Development Requires Real Institutions One of the most compelling arguments Mr. Bayramli makes is his critique of what he calls the “illusion of natural wealth.” By drawing parallels between global models like Singapore and Nigeria, he warns that Afghanistan’s mineral riches could easily become a curse of corruption rather than a blessing of prosperity—unless we prioritize building transparent, meritocratic institutions first. Perhaps most importantly, the book frames the education and leadership of women not just as a moral obligation, but as a practical necessity for survival. The author argues that excluding half the population is effectively a “generational suicide” for the country’s health and economic systems. Bridging Tradition and Modernity What makes this work uniquely “Afghan” is its refusal to choose between Western theory and local tradition. Mr. Bayramli explores how indigenous consultative practices, like the Loya Jirga, can be thoughtfully integrated with modern democratic principles to create a governance model that actually resonates with our people. Which Afghanistan? is not a final roadmap or a set of rigid instructions. As the author himself puts it, it is a “formal invitation” for us to start talking to one another again. About Sakhi Bayramli At the Bakhtar Institute, we know Mr. Bayramli as a dedicated researcher with a deep focus on public health, diplomacy, and sustainable development. His career has been defined by a commitment to evidence-based policy and a belief that Afghanistan’s transformation must come from within, supported by smart, selective engagement with the world. This book is the culmination of years of that rigorous thought and passion. The collection of articles of Bakhtar Institute expresses the opinion of its authors. Bakhtar Institute tries to provide a diverse and balanced perspective of views by publishing materials from different spectrum and scholars. The ideas presented in these articles do not represent the position of this organization in any way, and the author is responsible for the content and analysis.

Peace from Another Aspect

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Whether we consider the root cause of war in human nature or in his life environment, a large part of human life has been spent in violent conflicts and war. The history of war is equal to the history of mankind and according to some estimates, only eight percent of human life is spent in peace and the rest in war. Parallel to this long period, war has been an important element shaping human social life, both in the physical and spiritual dimensions. From this point of view, war has engraved its requirements and effects on the forehead of civilization and culture in the long history. On the one hand, in primitive societies, human culture and civilization focused on sanctifying war, violence and legitimizing them. on the other hand, in terms of the structure and organization of social life, warriors were on the top of social hierarchy. Also, human culture and civilization, in the new era, has also been identified by focusing on war. The difference is that it has tried to organize and legalize violence and war through applying them in institutionalized ways. On the one hand the culture is structured based on the self/other, on the one hand, demarcations and drawing the map of the world clearly shows that human life is based on the principle of conflict and war, rather than cooperation, acceptance, agreements and peaceful approaches. In the recent past, we can mention the First and Second World Wars, which had an undeniable and somewhat decisive impact on the culture and formation of the new world. Meanwhile, it cannot be ignored that both the structures and formation of life as well as human culture and values ​​have influenced the way violence is used. Changing the forms of use of force and the emergence of phenomena such as soft war and structural violence show the important impact of human structures and culture on violence and war. This interaction shows the fact that war and violence have different layers and dimensions that have preserved and reproduced their presence in human life in different ways. It should be considered that conflict and competition are the basis of human development and progress throughout history. war should be understood in this context and one of the clear examples of this complex and competitive human condition. From this point of view, the emergence of the new world has become possible not by the elimination and eradication of violence and war, but by changing the nature and forms of the use of violence. In this sense, the new world is nothing but replacing naked violence and force with law and order, which, of course, carries within themselves the requirements of power and violence. That is to say that institutional frameworks and mechanisms of participation are used to maintain order and discipline. In this sense, human civilization and progress have not been achieved by eliminating war, but by changing its nature and applications.  The optimistic ideas of scientists in the 18th century that with the advancement of technology, mankind will eventually be able to eliminate war and violence from their lives remained like unfulfilled dreams. For this reason, instead of paying attention to the elimination of war, the efforts of the following centuries were focused on changing the nature of violence and creating institutional, rational and legitimate mechanisms for its use on the one hand and reducing the consequences of violence and war on the other hand. If, like Max Weber, we consider the modern world to be the product of a transition from naked and unbridled violence to an organized type based on its defined mechanisms (the modern state), the basic question is: how this historical and lasting transition become possible? Of course, The success and failure of countries in entering the modern world lies in the answer to this question. From any point of view, it seems that the transition of societies from unbridled and naked violence to structural, legal and organized violence was made possible in the first step not through dialogue and agreement, but through a realistic approach of the balance of power. We have seen countless examples of violent conflicts and straggles in history, which only lead to peace and calm when the parties involved have come to the conclusion that the other side cannot be eliminated through war, and therefore, a way must be found for living together. As in many other cases, again the fact (the impossibility of eliminating the other) imposes itself on the human will (the effort to eliminate the other). in cases, where social groups have found the possibility of eliminating, destroying and even marginalizing the others, they have not seen the need for peace and agreement and have set the course for victory through war. It is the logic of history that some groups gained power and resources, and many others were either removed from the circle of power relations or pushed to the margins of these relations. Theoretically, negative peace, which is the state of absence of war, is obtained when those involved the conflict are convinced of the impossibility of eliminating the others. Since negative peace is achieved through the balance of power, it is also called armed peace in international relations. With negative peace and balance of power societies shift from unbridled violence to order, in which people and social groups inevitably live together. In the second stage, with the expansion of communication and entanglement of interests, they are gradually pushed away from confrontation and conflict in the path of living together and cooperation. Only through this process a positive and stable peace based on mutual acceptance can be achieved. In this situation, securing the interests of people and social groups is achieved not through confrontation and exclusion, but through cooperation and interaction. Negative conflicts and confrontation gives way to positive competition. For this reason, positive peace is not only the absence of war, but it is a situation in which all root cause of naked and unbridled violence … Read more

The Collapse of Afghanistan’s Health System and Women’s Vulnerability

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By Sakhi Bayramli (MS.c.) * Introduction Following the year 2002, despite deep structural challenges, lingering insecurity after three decades of civil war that had destroyed much of the health sector infrastructure, and severe economic constraints, Afghanistan’s health system – benefiting from extensive support and attention from the international community- was able to provide at least basic and primary health services to a large portion of the population. The expansion of primary healthcare facilities, the rollout of the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS), the training of health personnel- especially midwives- and relative improvements in maternal and child health indicators were among the major achievements of this period (WHO, 2020; World Bank, 2019). However, following the unexpected political developments of 2021 and the collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in August of that year, the country’s health system faced a multidimensional collapse. Widespread restrictions on women’s education and employment, the sharp reduction or complete suspension of international aid to the health sector, serious weaknesses in health sector management, and the mass emigration of skilled health professionals have all led to a drastic decline in access to basic health services, particularly for women and children in remote areas (UNICEF, 2022; UNDP, 2023). Methodology and Research Design This article is part of a sixty-page study that was accepted in September of this year as a Master’s thesis under the supervision of two international experts from the University of Bonn in Germany and the United Nations University in the Kingdom of Belgium. Using a comparative approach, the research examines the status of Afghanistan’s health system and women’s vulnerability before and after 2021. The study is based on field interviews with international experts associated with Afghanistan’s health sector in Geneva (Switzerland), Istanbul (Türkiye), Brussels (Kingdom of Belgium), and Bonn (Germany), as well as an online survey conducted between January and September 2025, which received twenty-three responses from inside and outside Afghanistan. 1. Women’s Access to Health Services Before and After 2021 Prior to 2021, Afghan women’s access to health services- although still insufficient- was on an improving trajectory. The increase in the number of female doctors and midwives, the expansion of health facilities, and sustained support from international organizations enabled millions of women to access antenatal and postnatal care, family planning services, and vaccinations (WHO, 2019; World Bank, 2020). After August 2021, restrictions on the employment of female doctors, the requirement of a male guardian (mahram) for visiting health facilities, and the closure of universities to girls significantly reduced women’s access to healthcare. In many remote and relatively conservative provinces-including Jawzjan, Faryab, Bamyan, Kandahar, Logar, Ghazni, and Farah-the lack of female health personnel has effectively deprived a large proportion of Afghan women of essential health services (UN Women, 2022; Amnesty International, 2023). 2. Neonatal Mortality Before and After 2021 Before 2021, although Afghanistan had one of the highest neonatal mortality rates in the world, it was nevertheless experiencing a gradual decline in this indicator. Improved maternity services, an increased number of trained midwives in rural areas, and expanded childhood immunization were key factors contributing to this downward trend (UNICEF, 2019; WHO, 2020). After 2021, however, the closure of health facilities, shortages of quality medicines, reduced maternal and child health services, and the widespread increase in poverty and child malnutrition have caused neonatal mortality rates to rise again. The absence or inadequacy of health education programs for families has further exacerbated this crisis (UNICEF, 2022; Save the Children, 2023). 3. Human Resources in the Health Sector Even before 2021, Afghanistan faced a severe shortage of health professionals. Nonetheless, international training programs and financial support had led to a gradual increase in the number of doctors, nurses, and midwives, although these figures remained below internationally accepted standards until the final days of the republic (WHO, 2018; World Bank, 2020). After 2021, the mass departure of doctors (both women and men), the ban on women’s education, and restrictions on their employment resulted in a sharp decline in active health personnel. In remote provinces, this situation has, in some cases, led to the complete closure of health facilities (UNDP, 2023; WHO, 2022). One key indicator used to assess the quality of a country’s health system is the number of health personnel per ten or one hundred thousand population. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) does not recommend a single fixed global standard for the number of health workers per 10,000 people – given variations in country contexts, health needs, skill mix, and equity in access, and therefore does not officially recommend such a figure for national planning – it does estimate that at least 230 core health workers per 100,000 population are necessary to deliver essential services and achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By contrast, Afghanistan had only about four to five doctors per 100,000 people even before 2021, and after 2021 this figure has fallen to fewer than two doctors per 100,000 in some provinces, which is several times lower than global standards (WHO, 2022). 4. Maternal Mortality Before and After 2021 Even prior to 2021, Afghanistan had one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world. Nevertheless, the overall trend was moving toward relative improvement. Increased skilled birth attendance and partial access to emergency obstetric services played an important role in this decline (WHO, 2019; UNFPA, 2020). After 2021, restrictions on the employment of female doctors, reduced maternity services, and an increase in unsafe home births have significantly heightened the risk of maternal death. Many women avoid seeking care due to the absence of female doctors or restrictions on movement without a Mahram or a male guardian (UN Women, 2022; Human Rights Watch, 2023). This situation has also had a direct impact on child mortality, with under-five mortality rates in 2021 reported at approximately 56–58 deaths per 1,000 live births (UN IGME, 2021). 5. Core and Aggravating Factors Behind the Collapse of Afghanistan’s Health System The closure of universities to girls severely threatens the future of Afghanistan’s health workforce and health services, … Read more

Strategic Partners Forum related to academic Opportunities in Kazakhastan – Inputs from the Speakers

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BI Introduction In today’s world, higher education is not only a tool for individual advancement but also a central pillar of sustainable development and the strengthening of human capital in every society. Countries such as Kazakhstan, through extensive investment in science, innovation, and higher education, have demonstrated that a bright future for nations is shaped through universities and scientific cooperation. The present report, authored by one of Kazakhstan’s distinguished professors, reflects this very approach. Kazakhstan has taken significant steps toward becoming a regional scientific hub by creating an open environment for international collaboration and establishing branches of globally recognized universities. Bakhtar Institute, firmly believing in the foundational role of knowledge in transforming societies, consistently strives to benefit from the successful experiences of neighboring countries such as Kazakhstan and to expand academic and educational cooperation between academic institutions in Afghanistan. Speakers’ Remarks at the Strategic Partners Forum Kazakhstan – a territory of academic knowledge. Kazakhstan places a strategic priority on the development of human capital and integration into the global educational space. The country is building a knowledge and innovation ecosystem in which universities play a key role in ensuring sustainable development. Kazakhstan remains open to international cooperation and partnership in the fields of science and education. The Strategic Partners Forum has become a platform for discussing current issues in the development of education, science, and technology. The Strategic Partners Forum is a timely and relevant initiative aimed at strengthening international cooperation in education and science. Partnerships between universities and research centers open broad opportunities for the exchange of experience, the implementation of joint programs, and the introduction of innovative approaches to learning. Situated in the heart of a rapidly growing region — Central Asia and Eurasia — Kazakhstan holds unique potential to become an academic hub. The country aspires to become a destination of choice for students seeking high-quality alternatives to overseas education. The expansion of international academic ties strengthens Kazakhstan’s position on the global education map and creates new opportunities for scientific and cultural exchange. Sayasat Nurbek, Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan The profound transformation of the global educational ecosystem requires the development of sustainable and strategic solutions. In response to these challenges, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan is implementing a set of concrete measures aimed at developing the national higher education system and enhancing its global competitiveness. Thanks to the strategic vision of the President, branches of 40 leading foreign universities have already opened in Kazakhstan. Among them are 9 Russian, 6 Chinese (including 3 Luban Workshops), 7 American, and 8 British universities — including 3 institutions from the Russell Group and universities from all four nations of the United Kingdom — as well as French, Italian, German, Polish, Turkish, and Korean universities. Today, we welcomed representatives of universities that, for the first time in their 150-year history, have opened campuses beyond their home countries — and they chose Kazakhstan for this step. The meeting also gathered representatives of more than 60 international partner institutions, including leading universities, educational, and research organizations. Last year, the Council of Strategic Partners was established to institutionalize cooperation and address shared goals. To date, three meetings of the Council have been held. This Forum is a continuation of that systematic work and represents an expansion of the format of our collaboration. Nunzio Quacquarelli, President of QS (Quacquarelli Symonds) There has been a steady increase in the number of Kazakhstani universities ranked in the QS World University Rankings. President of the international ranking agency QS, Nunzio Quacquarelli, highlighted Kazakhstan’s consistent progress in the internationalization of education and the enhancement of scientific competitiveness. QS is planning to cooperate with Kazakhstan in developing a forecasting model for future professions and advancing a knowledge- and innovation-based economy. It is particularly important to note that Kazakhstan is confidently moving along the path of internationalization, openness, and social responsibility. The country’s universities are actively expanding global partnerships, which positively impacts their positions in international rankings. Kazakhstani universities continue to climb higher: for instance, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University has entered the top 200 best universities in the world. This marks a significant step forward, reaffirming Kazakhstan’s status as a leading scientific and educational center of Central Asia. Our forecasts show that artificial intelligence (AI) will dramatically reshape Kazakhstan’s labor market. By 2035, up to 50% of professions may become partially automated — especially in areas with repetitive tasks such as accounting, finance, logistics, and administrative services. However, there is another important dimension: up to 75% of jobs could become more efficient thanks to AI — particularly in technology, energy, medicine, data science, and creative industries. Located at the crossroads of Central Asia and Eurasia, Kazakhstan has a unique potential to evolve into a regional academic hub and a driver of innovation. Anatoly Torkunov, Rector of Moscow State Institute of International Relations  The establishment of the MSIIR branch in Astana marks a new stage in the development of higher education in Kazakhstan. Rector of MSIIR Anatoly Torkunov noted Kazakhstan’s steady progress in building a modern higher education system and expanding international partnerships. Today, nine branches of Russian universities operate successfully in Kazakhstan, enrolling around 4,000 students, of whom more than 1,000 study on state grants. Kazakhstan has also become the first country to open its own university branch in Russia — the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University campus in Omsk, inaugurated with the personal participation of President Tokayev. Currently, 60,000 Kazakhstani students are studying in Russia. The opening of the MSIIR branch at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University represents a strategic step, reflecting the shared commitment of Kazakhstan and Russia to the development of human capital and integration into the global educational space. The new educational programs at the branch are designed to train specialists capable of working at the intersection of diplomacy, economics, and technology, including through the application of artificial intelligence. President of Beijing Language and Culture University, Peng Duan The opening of the branch … Read more

Workshop on “Unlocking Opportunities: Career Pathways for Afghan Academics and skilled workers”

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Bakhtra Institute Berlin, July 14, 2023, The program was organized by Bakhtar Institute in the LouLou cafe. Mr. Athayi, one of the founding members and responsible for the research department of the Institute, presented key issues related to academic disciplines, career perspectives, job orientation, important points for the job applications, methods of verifying educational credentials, supporting refugee agencies in Berlin, and introducing relevant job channels and websites for Immigrants and newcomers to a group of academic individuals and skilled workers who had recently arrived in Germany. It is worth mentioning that during the workshop, the opinions and suggestions of the participants for future programs were concluded, and the participants, considering the usefulness and effectiveness of such programs, expressed their expectations that Bakhtar Institute should provide more opportunities for them in the future in terms of education and finding employment in their respective fields, so that they can integrate into the job market as quickly as possible.

Round table discussion about ‘Engagement’ in the literature

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Bakhtar Institute | Saturday, 2nd September 23 BI organized a Round table discussion with a small group of lecturers, experts, and member of associations from Afghan community in Berlin. The purpose of the Round table was to explore the various aspects of the term ‘Engagement’ in the literature and seek to open it up and contextualize it into Afghanistan’s context. BI’s department on Research and Knowledge Transfer prepared a power point presentation seeking ‘engagement’ in three main fields of ‘employment and organization’, ‘students & university’ and ‘engagement with de facto authorities/states.’ ‘Engagement’ is a multidimensional concept, which is different from context to context, however, Afghan academics, researchers, and diaspora in general needs to set indicators, develop strategies and contribute to the process. The participants had the opportunity to discuss and criticize the current relations of the international community with the de facto authorities of Afghanistan as well as the current situation in Afghanistan. BI realizes that debate on ‘engagement with de facto authorities of Afghanistan’ requires further discussion, analysis, and inquiries in order to be able to construct a meaningful engagement.

Statement of Bakhtar Institute on the Occasion of International Women’s Day

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Bakhtar Institute (BI) would like to honor, respect and extend its sincere congratulations on the occasion of International Women’s Day to all women particularly the women of Afghanistan. While celebrating this significant day at international level, since 19 months, millions of women in Afghanistan have been deprived from their primary and fundamental rights such as right to education, work, and free movement. In the meantime, they are exposed to serious and systematic violence and abuse and are literally under house arrest. The initial notion of the 8 March celebration is to promote a gender equal world, a world free of bias, stereotypes, and discrimination – a world that’s diverse, equitable, and inclusive and ultimately, a world where difference is valued and celebrated. On the contrary, a century-old value has turned out to be completely perishing in the heart of Asia, the Taliban’s Afghanistan. The other sad side of the coin is that in the last two years, the world has been witnessing the collapse of nascent democratic values including the women’s rights and there is almost no sign of a collective global action such as “responsibility to protect” against the ongoing dire situation in Afghanistan. Once again, Bakhtar Institute condemns the ongoing systematic oppression and violence against women of Afghanistan and urges the United Nations, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Countries, the United States of America, Russia, China, International human rights organization, and other regional countries to fulfill their responsibilities and to take practical measures for the betterment of the human rights situation and to restore democratic values in Afghanistan. Bakhtar Institute, once again, reminds that the right to education isn’t negotiable and emphasizes on the significance of resuming a meaningful and honest dialogue among the national and international stakeholders that can result to the restoration of all human rights values including the right to education, work, freedom of speech and movement for the women of Afghanistan. Finally, BI announces that it can provide the platform for such discussions and dialogue for Afghanistan’s national and international stakeholders. Bakhtar Institute, Berlin, Germany8th of March, 2023

Statement on Taliban’s Decision to Ban Women from all Public and Private Universities in Afghanistan

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“Seeking Knowledge is a duty upon every Muslim, man and woman” (Prophet Muhammad p.b.u.h) Unfortunately, in addition to the previous restrictions on girls’ education at both secondary and higher education, Taliban issued an order, which was enforced on 21 December 2022 and banned all Afghan women (students and teachers) from entering any public or private higher education institute and university inside Afghanistan. Taliban’s action and their attempts to justify it are unacceptable to Afghanistan citizens. We at Bakhtar Institute, consider this action and other restrictions imposed by the Taliban on education of girls and women very painful that are not only a violation of human dignity, but also in clear contradiction with cultural and religious beliefs of the people of Afghanistan. Bakhtar Institute, as a professional Afghan diaspora organization focusing on Research, Education and Advocacy, believes that the right to education is an undeniable fundamental right of every Afghan citizen and will continue its activities in line with the realization of this essential human value. We believe that in order to achieve a developed and prosperous Afghanistan, it is essential that social justice and human dignity be granted and all citizens of the country, women and men, could have access to education, are allowed to work, and become active members of the society. Thus, the Institute calls on all citizens of Afghanistan from all ethnic and social groups, inside and outside of the country, to coordinate their efforts toward realization of the right to education for girls and women in Afghanistan. Furthermore, our request from German state, the European Union, and the United Nations is to take concrete actions and fulfill their responsibilities regarding the assurance of the fundamental rights of Afghan citizens, particularly of women, girls, and children so that the schools and higher education institutes of the country be reopened to all students, regardless of their gender.   21 December 2022